w 债转股 debt-to-equity swap
 w 港元的联系汇率制 the linkage system between the US dollar and the HK dollar
 w 坏帐、呆帐、死帐 bad account/ dead account/ uncollectible account/bad debt/ bad loan
 w 反倾销措施  anti-dumping measures against...
 w 通货紧缩 deflation
 w 通货膨胀 inflation
 w 非配额产品 quota-free products
 w 非生产性投资  investment in non-productive projects
 w 风险管理/评估  risk management/ assessment
 w 风险基金 venture capital
 w 风险准备金 loan loss provision/ provisions of risk
 w 搞活国有大中型企业  revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises
 w 规模经济  scale economy/ economies of scale
 w 国合企业(即国有合作社) state-owned cooperatives
 w 国际收支  balance of international payments/ balance of payment
 w 国际收支不平衡 disequilibrium of balance of payment
 w 国家补贴  public subsidies
 w 国家现汇结存  state foreign exchange reserves
 w 合理引导消费  guide rational consumption
 w 季节性调价 seasonal price adjustments
 w 既成事实 established/accomplished facts
 w 技工贸结合的科技型企业  scientific and technological enterprises that integrate scientific and technological development with industrial and trade development
 w 劳动密集性企业  labor-intensive enterprises
 w 乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费 unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises/ unauthorized pooling of funds, compulsory donations and random levies on enterprises
 w 千年问题、千年虫  millennium bug
 w 企业技术改造 technological updating of enterprises
 w 企业亏损补贴  subsidies to cover enterprise losses
 w 实行国民待遇  grant the national treatment to
 w 平等互利、讲求实效、形式多
样、共同发展的方针
　 pursuing practical results, adopting various ways and seeking common development/ the principle of equality, mutual benefit, efficiency, diversity and mutual development
 w 瓶颈制约  "bottleneck" restrictions
　 　
  　
 w 市场准人的行政管理措施 AAMA: Administrative Aspects of Market Access
 w 亚太工商咨询理事会 ABAC: APEC Business Advisory Council
 w 亚太商业论坛 ABF: APEC Business Forum
 w 亚太通讯与数据系统 ACDS: APEC Communications and Database System
 w 亚太中小企业技术交流与培训中心 ACTETSME: APEC Center for Technology Exchange and Training for Small and Medium Enterprises
 w 亚洲开发银行 ADB: Asian Development Bank
 w 亚太经合组织经济领导人会议 AELM: APEC Economic Leaders Meeting
 w 东盟自由贸易区 AFTA: ASEAN Free Trade Area
 w 亚太经合组织部长级会议 AMM: APEC MinisteriaI Meeting
 w 澳新紧密经济关系协定 ANZCERTA: Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
 w 亚太商业网络 APB-Net: Asia-Pacific Business Network
 w 亚太经济合作组织 APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
 w 亚太能源研究中心 APERC: Asia Pacific Energy Research Center
 w 亚太信息基础设施 APII: Asia-Pacific Information Infrastructure
 w 亚太实验室认可合作 APLAC: Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation
 w 亚太法定计量论坛 APLMF: Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum
 w 亚太计量程序 APMP: Asia Pacific Metrology Program
 w 东南亚国家联盟 ASEAN: Association of South-East Asian Nations
 w 亚欧会议 ASEM: Asia-Europe Meeting
 w 农业技术合作 ATC: Agricultural Technical Cooperation
　 　
  　
 w 民事 civil
 w 民事  civil affairs;affairs relating to civil law
 w 民事上的占有  civil possesion
 w 民事上的没收  civil forfeiture
 w 民事上诉  civil appeal 
 w 民事主体  civil subject
 w 民事法律关系  civil legal relationship
 w 民事活动  activity relating to civil law
 w 民事纠纷  civil dispute
 w 民事客体  civil object
 w 民事原告  civil plaintiff
 w 民事被告  civil defendant
 w 民事指控  civil charge 
 w 民事案件  civil case
 w 民事过失  civil negligence
 w 民事责任事故  accident involving civil liability
 w 民事补偿  civil remedy
 w 民事诉讼  civil action
 w 民事损害  civil injury
 w 民事债务  civil debt
 w 民事管辖  civil jurisdiction
 w 民事制裁  civil sanction
 w 民事审判  civil trial
 w 民事调解  civil mediation
 w 民事罚款  civil penalty
 w 民事权利争议  dispute concerning private rights
 w 民事权利剥夺  deprived of private rights 
 w 民事权利请求 civil claim
 w 民事权利变更  alternation of private right
 w 民政  civil administraion
　 　
  　
 w 民事权利与责任  civil right and liability
 w 民事权利  civil right
 w 人身权利  jura personarum; rights of the person
 w 人格权  right of personality
 w 上诉权  right of appeal
 w 不受时效限制权  imprescriptible right
 w 立遗嘱权 right to make a will
 w 合法权利  legal right
 w 共有权  communal tenure
 w 求偿权  recoupment; recourse
 w 居住权  right of habitation
 w 使用权  right of use
 w 委任权  power of pocuration
 w 财产权  proprietatis; property right
 w 财产让与权  benefit of cession
 w 起诉权 right of action
 w 采光权 right of ancient lights
 w 专用权  sole right of use
 w 专有权  exclusive power
 w 专利申请权  clailm of patent application
 w 控告权  right of complaint
 w 答辩权  right of reply
 w 解释权  right to interpret
 w 经济权利  economic right
 w 债的请求权  debt claim
 w 监护权  guardianship
 w 选择权  right of choice
 w 转卖权  right of resale
　 　
  　
 w （当事方为进行仲裁或接受国际法院的管辖权而签订的）协定 compromis: a special agreement between States to submit a particular issue either to an arbitral tribunal or to the International Court of Justice
 w 事实上 de facto: existing as a matter of fact rather than of right 
 w 法律上 de jure: as a matter of legal right
 w 根据公允及善意的原则 ex aeque et bono: as a result of fair dealing and good conscience 
 w 出于善意的 ex gratia: done as a matter of favour (An ex gratia payment is one not required to be made by a legal duty.) 
 w 依职权而自然获得 ex officio: by virtue of holding an office
 w 事后的；溯及既往的 ex post facto: by a subsequent act (describing any legal act, such as a statute, which has retrospective effect)
 w 主动的，自愿的 ex proprio motu(ex mero motu): of his own motion 
 w 不可抗力 force majueure(法语): irresistible compulsion or coercion
 w 强制法 jus cogens(ius congens): coercive law; a rule or principle in international law that is so fundamental that it bins all states and does not allow any exceptions
 w 万民法，万国法，国际法 jus gentium: the law of people; international law 
 w 法无明文不处罚 nulla poena sine lege: no penalty(punishment) without a law 
 w 法无明文不为罪 nullum crimen sine lege: no crime without a law 
 w 条约必须遵守原则 pact sunt servand: a pact is not to be surrendered (agreements are to be kept)
 w 自身，本身；本质上 per se
 w 不受欢迎的人（personna grata 受欢迎的人） personna non-grata
 w 初步的，表面上的 prima facie: at first appearance; on the face of things 
 w 情势变迁原则 rebus sic standibus: change of circumstances 
 w 无主物 res nullius: an asset susceptible of acquisition but presently under the ownership or sovereignty of no legal person
 w 未确定时日的 sine die: without a date 
 w 越权行为（与intra vires相对） ultra vires(act)
 w 占领地保有原则 uti possidetis
　 　
v Lesson Six 　
 w 民事责任  civil liability
 w 不履行法律责任  omission
 w 共同连带责任  joint and separate responsibility
 w 完全责任  full liability
 w 侵权责任 liability for tort
 w 连带责任  joint liability
 w 财产责任  property liability
 w 过失责任  fault liability
 w 替代责任  vicarious liability
 w 无限责任  unlimited liability
 w 单独责任  solitary liability
 w 道德责任  moral obligation
 w 监护责任  liability of guardian
 w 严格责任赔偿  strict liability