1. Errors in arithmetic: Estimates made on construction projects are arithmetical calculations of quantities and cost of materials and labor costs to install materials or perform various operations. In order to avoid errors in arithmetic, the estimator should use an electronic calculator with a recording tape, have the calculations checked by another person, and attach the tape to the estimate sheet for backup.

2. Taking Wrong Measurements from Plans and Specifications: Errors in measurements and dimensions taken from plans, drawings, and specifications result in corresponding mistakes in the cost of construction items based on those measurements.

3. Using the Wrong Wage Rates for Labor: Hourly labor wages for construction workers vary countrywide. You should consistently verify current wage rates and fringe benefits for the building trades involved through local union offices, other contractors, supply yards, and other reliable sources. Overtime rates are generally one and one-half to two times regular rates depending on labor agreements and union rules.

4. Insufficient or Excessive Allowances for Labor: A frequent cause of error in estimating is allowing too much or too little for labor to do the job.

1.1.计算错误:对建设项目的估算是指对材料和人工数量和价值的计算。In order to avoid errors in arithmetic, the estimator should use an electronic calculator with a recording tape, have the calculations checked by another person, and attach the tape to the estimate sheet for backup.为了避免计算错误，评估者需要一个带记录磁带的电子计算器、拿其他人的来计算,并将记录磁带放进备份的造价清单里。

2.2.从图纸和说明书取得错误的数据Taking Wrong Measurements from Plans and Specifications: Errors in measurements and dimensions taken from plans, drawings, and specifications result in corresponding mistakes in the cost of construction items based on those measurements.取得错误的 是: 从设计、图纸和说明书取得错误的尺寸导致相映的基于这些数据的工程造价。

3.3. Using the Wrong Wage Rates for Labor: Hourly labor wages for construction workers vary countrywide.用了错误的人动费:每小时的建筑工人人工费全国各地是不同的. You should consistently verify current wage rates and fringe benefits for the building trades involved through local union offices, other contractors, supply yards, and other reliable sources.你要坚持核查目前的工资和福利从当地有关筑行业的协会、其他承包商,补给站,和其他可靠的信息来源. 依据一般的劳务协议和行业标准加班费Overtime rates are generally one and one-half to two times regular rates depending on labor agreements and union rules.加班加班通常是一个半到两倍.

4.4. 过少或过多的劳动补贴Insufficient or Excessive Allowances for Labor: A frequent cause of error in estimating is allowing too much or too little for labor to do the job.过少:常见原因是错误地估计太多或太少的工作允许工人去做.

5.5. Materials and Supplies Improperly Priced: Always be sure that building materials and supplies are correctly described as to kind, quality, size, and dimensions.材料和用品不当订价:始终要确定建筑材料和用品的正确叙述为种类、质量、大小、尺寸. 同样确定它们具有竞争力的价格。

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