Australian Industrial Relations Commission

Industrial tribunals have been established by the Commonwealth and all State governments except for Victoria to deal with industrial relations matters. The Commonwealth Parliament power to make laws is in accordance with the heads of power provided in the Australian Constitution. In the main the Commonwealth’s power to regulate matters pertaining to industrial relations matters is contained in Section 51 of the Constitution. Sections 122 and 52 also provide heads of power with regard to territories and the government’s own employees, respectively.

Industrial Relations Power – Section 51 (xxxv) of the Constitution empowers the Commonwealth Parliament to make laws with respect to ‘conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits of any one State’. This section of the Constitution does not in itself permit the government to legislate to directly control wages and working conditions. This head of power does however provide for the establishment of courts and tribunals to regulate industrial relations at the Federal level.

Referral By States Power – Section 51(xxxvii) of the Constitution empowers the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to “Matters referred to the Parliament of the Commonwealth by the Parliament or Parliaments of any State or States, but so that the law shall extend only to States by whose Parliaments the matter is referred, or which afterwards adopt the law”. The Victorian Parliament has referred certain industrial relations matters to the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth Powers (Industrial Relations) Act 1996 (Vic.)(‘the Victorian Referral Act’).

Category: Law
Source: Adapted from: Australian Industrial Relations Commission website
  http://www.airc.gov.au/research/media/media.html
Word count: 250 words

参考答案：

澳大利亚工业关系委员会
    联邦政府和除维州以外的州政府都设立了工业仲裁庭以处理工业关系事务。联邦议会制定法律的权力是与《澳大利亚宪法》（the Australian Constitution）中所列的权限相符的。联邦规定有关工业关系事务的权力大体上被包括在《宪法》第51节中。《宪法》第122节和52节分别规定了有关各领地和政府本身雇员的法律权限。
    工业关系权力—《宪法》51节35条授权联邦议会制定有关“为防止和解决超出任何一州权限的工业纠纷而进行的调解与仲裁”的法律。《宪法》这一节本身并没有允许政府立法以直接控制工资和工作条件。但是这一法律权限确实允许在联邦这一级建立法庭和仲裁庭以控制管理工业关系。
    各州提交委托权力—《宪法》第51节37条授权联邦制定有关“经由任何一州的州议会或几个州的州议会提交委托给联邦议会的事项”的法律。“但是该法律只适用于那些提交委托该事项的州或那些后来采用该法律的州。”维州议会根据《1996年联邦权力（工业关系）法（维州）》(the Commonwealth Powers (Industrial Relations) Act 1996 (Vic.))（暨《维州提交委托法》）(‘the Victorian Referral Act’)已将某些工业关系事务提交委托给联邦。