Detention and Legislation
Prior to 1992 there was a range of legislative provisions which enabled detention. These provisions often focused on the mode of entry rather than the status of the person involved. For example:

• Under section 38 of the Migration Act 1958, a prescribed authority could
      order the detention of a ‘prohibited immigrant’ (defined in section 6 as
      someone who ‘not being the holder of an entry permit that is in force
      enters Australia’) for a period of up to seven days. This period could be
      extended.
• Sub-section 12(2) of the Immigration (Unauthorised Arrivals) Act 1980
      provided that ‘passengers’ unauthorised to be in Australia be brought
      before a prescribed authority within 48 hours of arrest, or ‘as soon as
      practicable after that period’. Sub-section 12(3) permitted detention of the
      passenger until: conveyance from Australia; granting of an Entry Permit;
      or Ministerial direction determined otherwise.

Before the Cambodian boat (Beagle) arrived on 31 March 1990, the Migration Amendment Act 1989 was passed. This Act introduced significant changes to the system of processing boat people. In essence it provided legal entitlement to a visa or entry permit, where the application met the legislative requirements to such a grant. The intention was to provide fairer and more certain criteria for the grant of visas. The intention was also, by providing a statutory merits review procedure, to remove the necessity for unsuccessful refugee applicants to appeal to the judiciary.

Category: Law
Source: Adapted from:
  http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/cib/2000-01/01cib08.htm
Word count: 238 words

拘留与立法

    在1992年之前，有几种法律条款规定可以行使拘留。这些条款通常将重点放在入境方式上，而不是当事人的身份。例如：
   •  在《1958年移民法》（Migration Act 1958）第38节中规定，某一指定机构可以命令对“遭禁止的移民”(‘prohibited immigrant’) （在第6节中被定义为“未持有有效入境许可而进入澳州”的人）进行长达七天的拘留。这一拘留期可以被延长。
   •  在《1980年移民法（未经允许抵达）》(Immigration (Unauthorized Arrivals)Act 1980)第12节第2小节中规定，未经允许进入澳州的“旅客”应在被捕48小时内或“在该段时间之后按实际可能尽快”被送交到有关指定机构。第12节第3小节允许将该旅客拘留直到遣送澳州、对其签发入境许可或移民部另行做出决定。
 在1990年3月31日柬埔寨难民船“小猎犬”号(Beagle)抵达之前，《1989年移民法修正案》(Migration Amendment Act 1989)获得通过。这一法律对乘船出逃难民的审理体系进行了重大修改。本质上讲，如果申请符合签发某一签证或入境许可的法律要求的话，此法提供了获得该签证或入境许可的法定权力。这样做的意图是使签证签发标准更趋公平，也更有确定性。另外一个意图是通过提供一个法定的法律依据复审程序，使申请难民未获成功的人士没有必要进行司法上诉。

Under the new rules, firms are assessed not only on black ownership, but also on the colour of their managers and staff, how much they train them,